Protective factors refer to characteristics or qualities that can help individuals, families and communities better cope with stressors and challenges in their lives. These factors may include positive relationships, social support systems, healthy coping mechanisms, resilience, and other resources that promote well-being and buffer against adversity. In the context of child development, protective factors can help mitigate the effects of risk factors such as poverty or exposure to violence by providing a stable and nurturing environment for growth and learning. Overall, protective factors contribute to an individual's ability to thrive in spite of challenges they may face.